BACKGROUND
Jews had lived in North Africa and in Arabia from ancient times. As Zionism began to make inroads and Jewish settlement in Eretz Yisrael/ Palestine increased, at the same time as Arab nationalism became ascendant , life became increasingly difficult for Jews in Arab countries, leading eventually to over 800 000 Jews fleeing the lands where they had lived for centuries and making their way mostly to Israel, as well as to a lesser extent to other countries.
Text 1: Mohammed V of Morocco: A Call for Restraint, 1948.
An appeal to the Moroccan people to preserve the calm.
Distinguishes between Jews (Moroccan Israelites) and Zionists, whom Jews must refrain from supporting.
The Jews in Morocco
Ancient community, from Roman times, increased after Muslim conquest and augmented by Jews expelled from Spain in 1492. Discriminated against under Almohades, and lived under the status of Dhimmitude. Given equal rights in 1863.
Morocco achieved independence in 1956. 1948- rioting and boycotts. 265 000 Jews left Morocco, mostly to Israel.
Text 2: Yemen, 1949:
1947- Riots in Aden after Partition Plan, Jewish quarter burned. 82 killed, hundreds of homes destroyed. Many Jews fled to Aden.
Eventually, Yemen government allowed them to leave and thousands left for Israel as part of Operation Magic Carpet.
The Jews in Yemen
Community dates back to at least the 3rd century.
The community faced discrimination after Yemen achieved independence following on the First World War. For example, Jews were not allowed to walk on pavements or ride horses ("dhimmis") and orphans under the age of 12 were forcibly converted. Unlike the situation in Morocco, there was no protection from the authorities and the local population was generally hostile.
OPERATION MAGIC CARPET: From June 48 to September 50 - brought 50 000 to Israel, over 430 flights.
Text 3 and Text 4: Iraq, 1950
Jews can leave but forfeit their Iraqui citizenship. Of the 100 000 Jews in Iraq, the majority were not staunch Zionists, but Iraqui nationalists called for the expulsion of the Jews. As the situation deteriorated, Jews began to emigrate in greater numbers. Zionists called on Jews to flee to Israel, as in ancient times- the "historic prophecy".
The Jews in Iraq
Most ancient community- from 597 BCE (first exile to Babylonia).
Iraq created in 1918 as a British mandate, and independent in 1932.
FARHUD: June 1941. Mufti inspired pro Nazi coup of Rashid Ali. Pogrom. 300 Jews murdered, 2000 wounded
1949- Zionism a capital crime.
1952- Ban on emigration. The sale of property was forbidden and all Jews forced to carry yellow identity cards
1949-51: OPERATION EZRA AND NECHEMIAH: 104 000 Jews evacuated and 20 000 smuggled through Iran.
Text 5: Algeria, 1957
Deteriorating relationship with Muslim community partly through the influence of the mufti, as well as Zionism.
The Jews of Algeria
Algeria achieved independence from France in 1962 after a bitter struggle. Fance had occupied Algeria in 1830 and Jews became French citizens in 1870. In 1934, inspired by Nazi doctrine, there were riots in Constantin, and 25 Jews were killed. During the war, Jews were subject to Vichy discriminatory laws. After independence, in keeping with the ideology of Pan Arab nationalism, only Muslims considered to be Algerian nationals. Most Algerian jews emigrated to France, while some found their way to Israel.
Text 6: Egypt, 1967
After the Six Day War, in which Egypt and other Arab states went to war against Israel, the situation of Egyptian Jews became precarious. Male Jews over the age of 16 were interned, and poperty was sequestered. It was considered advisable for Jews to leave.
The Jews of Egypt
Very ancient community. British colonised Egypt from 1882-1956- Jews treated well, resulting in 80 000 Jews in 1948- but not given citizenship.
1926- First Nationality Code. Only Muslims and Arabic speakers qualify for Egyptian nationality- Many Jews expelled and only 15% given citizenship.
1947 (July)- 75% of administrative employees must be Egyptian nationals and 90% of employees. Jews lost livelihood.
1945- Riots. 10 Jews killed, 350 injured, shul, hospital, old age home burned down.
Bombs in Jewish quarter: 70 killed, 200 wounded. More riots. 2000 Jews arrested and property confiscated.
Riots.
Black Saturday: January 26 1952- 500 businesses destroyed and some Jews killed.
1956 - After Lavon Affair and after Sinai Campaign, amendment barred citizenship from Zionists. (term not defined). Military proclamations sequestered property and firms-95% Jewish.
25 000 Jews ordered to leave. Jews given 2 days: Property confiscated. 1000 sent to prisons.
-Proclamation by Minister of Religious Affairs that all Jews are Zionists and enemies of the State, read out in mosques.
1970s- remaining Jews allowed to leave.
Jews had lived in North Africa and in Arabia from ancient times. As Zionism began to make inroads and Jewish settlement in Eretz Yisrael/ Palestine increased, at the same time as Arab nationalism became ascendant , life became increasingly difficult for Jews in Arab countries, leading eventually to over 800 000 Jews fleeing the lands where they had lived for centuries and making their way mostly to Israel, as well as to a lesser extent to other countries.
Text 1: Mohammed V of Morocco: A Call for Restraint, 1948.
An appeal to the Moroccan people to preserve the calm.
Distinguishes between Jews (Moroccan Israelites) and Zionists, whom Jews must refrain from supporting.
The Jews in Morocco
Ancient community, from Roman times, increased after Muslim conquest and augmented by Jews expelled from Spain in 1492. Discriminated against under Almohades, and lived under the status of Dhimmitude. Given equal rights in 1863.
Morocco achieved independence in 1956. 1948- rioting and boycotts. 265 000 Jews left Morocco, mostly to Israel.
Text 2: Yemen, 1949:
1947- Riots in Aden after Partition Plan, Jewish quarter burned. 82 killed, hundreds of homes destroyed. Many Jews fled to Aden.
Eventually, Yemen government allowed them to leave and thousands left for Israel as part of Operation Magic Carpet.
The Jews in Yemen
Community dates back to at least the 3rd century.
The community faced discrimination after Yemen achieved independence following on the First World War. For example, Jews were not allowed to walk on pavements or ride horses ("dhimmis") and orphans under the age of 12 were forcibly converted. Unlike the situation in Morocco, there was no protection from the authorities and the local population was generally hostile.
OPERATION MAGIC CARPET: From June 48 to September 50 - brought 50 000 to Israel, over 430 flights.
Text 3 and Text 4: Iraq, 1950
Jews can leave but forfeit their Iraqui citizenship. Of the 100 000 Jews in Iraq, the majority were not staunch Zionists, but Iraqui nationalists called for the expulsion of the Jews. As the situation deteriorated, Jews began to emigrate in greater numbers. Zionists called on Jews to flee to Israel, as in ancient times- the "historic prophecy".
The Jews in Iraq
Most ancient community- from 597 BCE (first exile to Babylonia).
Iraq created in 1918 as a British mandate, and independent in 1932.
FARHUD: June 1941. Mufti inspired pro Nazi coup of Rashid Ali. Pogrom. 300 Jews murdered, 2000 wounded
1949- Zionism a capital crime.
1952- Ban on emigration. The sale of property was forbidden and all Jews forced to carry yellow identity cards
1949-51: OPERATION EZRA AND NECHEMIAH: 104 000 Jews evacuated and 20 000 smuggled through Iran.
Text 5: Algeria, 1957
Deteriorating relationship with Muslim community partly through the influence of the mufti, as well as Zionism.
The Jews of Algeria
Algeria achieved independence from France in 1962 after a bitter struggle. Fance had occupied Algeria in 1830 and Jews became French citizens in 1870. In 1934, inspired by Nazi doctrine, there were riots in Constantin, and 25 Jews were killed. During the war, Jews were subject to Vichy discriminatory laws. After independence, in keeping with the ideology of Pan Arab nationalism, only Muslims considered to be Algerian nationals. Most Algerian jews emigrated to France, while some found their way to Israel.
Text 6: Egypt, 1967
After the Six Day War, in which Egypt and other Arab states went to war against Israel, the situation of Egyptian Jews became precarious. Male Jews over the age of 16 were interned, and poperty was sequestered. It was considered advisable for Jews to leave.
The Jews of Egypt
Very ancient community. British colonised Egypt from 1882-1956- Jews treated well, resulting in 80 000 Jews in 1948- but not given citizenship.
1926- First Nationality Code. Only Muslims and Arabic speakers qualify for Egyptian nationality- Many Jews expelled and only 15% given citizenship.
1947 (July)- 75% of administrative employees must be Egyptian nationals and 90% of employees. Jews lost livelihood.
1945- Riots. 10 Jews killed, 350 injured, shul, hospital, old age home burned down.
Bombs in Jewish quarter: 70 killed, 200 wounded. More riots. 2000 Jews arrested and property confiscated.
Riots.
Black Saturday: January 26 1952- 500 businesses destroyed and some Jews killed.
1956 - After Lavon Affair and after Sinai Campaign, amendment barred citizenship from Zionists. (term not defined). Military proclamations sequestered property and firms-95% Jewish.
25 000 Jews ordered to leave. Jews given 2 days: Property confiscated. 1000 sent to prisons.
-Proclamation by Minister of Religious Affairs that all Jews are Zionists and enemies of the State, read out in mosques.
1970s- remaining Jews allowed to leave.